For an International Conference on Nucleic Acids , DNA Replication is the first and most vital topic to be discussed. DNA Replication which is the basis of biological inheritance starts with the division of a cell into two daughter cells and in this process a double stranded DNA molecule is copied to generate two identical copies of DNA. Researchers are continuing with genome wide studies in DNA Replication which is resulting in may novel research. Many Universities worldwide are carrying out researches in the field of DNA Replication and Genetic Recombination. Being specific are The Penn State University, The Rockefeller University, Massachusetts General Hospital, University of Washington where many capable and talented Scientists are working in this field.

RNA editing is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within a RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase. RNA editing has been observed in the RNA sequences of viruses, archaea and prokaryotes. RNA editing occurs in the cell nucleus and cytosol, as well as within mitochondria and plastids. In vertebrates, editing is rare and usually consists of a small number of changes to the sequence of affected molecules. Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. The study of RNA interference incudes its cellular mechanisms, variation among organisms, biological functions like immunity, down regulation of genes, up regulation of genes and its applications in Gene knockdown, Functional genomics, medicine and biotechnology. The University of Albany situated at New York is rigorously involved towards all the novel research on RNA. The RNA Institute maintained by Paul Agris (University at Albany) is the best known platform for carrying out RNA analysis. Added to that, The RNA Society formed in 1993 facilitates sharing and dissemination of experimental results and emerging concepts in ribonucleic acid research.

Recombinant DNA Technology is the joining together of two different DNA molecules that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic recombination. Recombinant   DNA   technology has made many   tasks easier for the Scientists such as isolation of one gene or any other segment of DNA, determination of nucleotide sequence, study of transcripts, mutation of transcripts and reinserting it into a living organisms thus giving rise to the concept of transgenic.

Epigenetics means a change in phenotype without any change in genotype. DNA methylation, histone modification and non-coding RNA associated gene silencing are considered to initiate and sustain epigenetic change. New and on-going research is continuously detecting the role of epigenetics in a variety of human disorders and fatal diseases.

RNA splicing is a process in which introns are removed and exons are joined prior to translation. In other words, RNA splicing is modification of the nascent pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript. To address the questions and other aspects of mRNA synthesis and processing, many researchers turned to the study of DNA viruses that infect animal cells in culture. RNA processing refers to any modification made to RNA between its transcription and its final function in the cell. These processing steps include the removal of extra sections of RNA, specific modifications of RNA bases, and modifications of the ends of the RNA. Being Specific, The University of Manchester, Yale Center for RNA science and Medicine, Rutgers University are working on this field for bringing out many challenging results.

Chemical biology is a scientific discipline spanning the fields of chemistry, biology, and physics. It involves the application of chemical techniques, tools, and analyses, and often compounds produced through synthetic chemistry, to the study and manipulation of biological systems. Together with proteins, nucleic acids are the most important biological macromolecules; each are found in abundance in all living things, where they function in encoding, transmitting and expressing genetic information. In other words, information is conveyed through the nucleic acid sequence, or the order of nucleotides within a DNA or RNA molecule. There are Novel methods of delivery of nucleic acids. Strings of nucleotides strung together in a specific sequence are the mechanism for storing and transmitting hereditary or genetic information via protein synthesis. With the help of Cellular and in vivo targeting applications of nucleic acids we can get the insight of the molecules. Techniques for Novel synthesis or modifications of nucleic acids are being developed through which we can selection nucleic acids for its function. With the latest inventions, Nanotechnology and nanomaterial development using nucleic acid, are in great practice.

DNA Damage and DNA Repair both terms are related with the maintenance of genome integrity. DNA Damage may lead to mutation and finally causing many serious diseases. The biochemical mechanisms of these pathways have been characterized and the impact of this work was recently highlighted by the selection of Tomas Lindahl, Aziz Sancar and Paul Modrich as the recipients of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for their seminal work in defining DNA repair pathways. Currently University of Alabama, UNC School of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine and Newcastle University are working on this field.

DNA and RNA Nanotechnology is newly emerging field of bio-nano-technologies. DNA and RNA Nanotechnology bridges the gap between newest developments in nucleic acids, structural folding and biomaterial sciences. It links understanding of DNA/RNA molecular behaviour with macroscopic properties that can be incorporated into medicinal applications.

Sequencing is the process of determining the order of nucleotide bases (A,C,T and G) within the stretch of DNA. The sequence of DNA encodes the necessary information for living things to survive and reproduce. Determining the sequence is therefore useful in fundamental research into why and how organisms live, as well as in applied subjects. Because of the key importance DNA has to living things, knowledge of DNA sequencing are useful in practically any area of biological research. For example, in medicine it can be used to identify, diagnose, and potentially develop treatments for genetic diseases. Similarly, research intopathogens may lead to treatments for contagious diseases. Biotechnology is a burgeoning discipline, with the potential for many useful products and services.

Nucleic acids Therapeutics  encompass a vast array of approaches with a set of key considerations based on their size and mechanism of action like aptamers, antisense, small interfering RNA (siRNA), exon skipping, RNA editing. Medicinal promise of pre transcription & post- transcriptional gene silencing (PPTGS) using oligodeoxynucleotides, small interfering RNA, microRNA and other nucleic acid based molecules can be developed into effective drugs for the treatment of many common diseases that are generally responsible for a great deal of human suffering. Numerous types of cancer are known to have abnormal genes that are useful in disease states. These genes are attractive targets to approach for treatment of wide range of cancers. In different experimental systems nucleic-acid-based molecules have been shown to be very effective tools for adjusting gene expression in a sequence specific manner. Thereby they appear to be one of the most promising cancer therapeutics. They are more specialized and low toxic than conventional chemotherapy.

A biologic is generally made in living cells which is made by adding a piece of DNA to a cell. The cell then produces protein by translating which work as biologic medicine. Generally post translational modifications are responsible for introducing the variability in biologics. Recently many challenging works are carried out in this field which will bring out a revolution in the field of molecular biology.

One of the major emerging field is Computational Molecular Biology. Computer science along with mathematics are transforming molecular biology from an informational to a computational Science. It covers wide areas that are related to molecular biology and nucleic acids such as Computational Genomics, Cancer Computational Biology and many more.